Sotheby’s says its having its largest Orientalist sale since the category was launched in 2012 as a stand-alone sale. On April 24 in London, 60 lots of paintings and sculpture representing the landscapes, people, and customs of North Africa, Egypt, the Levant, Arabia, and the Ottoman world during the 19^th and early 20^th centuries. Buyers in this category are now often residents of the Gulf and North Africa looking for European depictions of their native locales.

Here is a selection of the sales top lots:

Anders Zorn (Swedish, 1860 – 1920)
Women outside the Sidi Abderrahman Mosque, Algiers, 1887, watercolour and
gouache on paper
Estimate £300,000-500,000 / $420,000-700,000
This rediscovered work, executed in March 1887, belongs to the small series of watercolours Zorn made in Algiers, during an extensive journey with his wife Emma to Constantinople, Greece, Italy, and North Africa. The artist depicts the Sidi Abderrahman Mosque in Algiers, Algeria, painted five years earlier, in 1882, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. This work shows Zorn’s mastery and virtuosity in the medium of watercolour which first brought him fame.

Edwin Lord Weeks (American, 1849 – 1903)
Rabat (The Red Gate), 1879, oil on canvas
Estimate £200,000-300,000 / $280,000-420,000
This monumental view of the inner gate of the Kasbah of Oudaïas in Rabat was painted during Weeks’ third trip to Morocco with his wife Frances Rollins Hale, taking in Tangier, Tetuan, and Rabat. In Rabat, Weeks became fascinated by the kasbah, a fortified citadel built in the twelfth century during the time of the Almohad Caliphate (AD 1121- 1269). The gate was a spectacular example of highly ornamented Almohad architecture, characterised by a horse-shoe arch and intertwined arabesques which conveyed elegance and grandeur. Morocco’s imposing city gates formed the backdrop to several major French Orientalist works by Eugène Delacroix and Benjamin-Constant.

Jean-Léon Gérôme (French, 1824 – 1904)
A Sultan at Prayer, 1887, oil on canvas
Estimate £200,000-300,000 / $280,000-420,000
A respectful and moving observation of a man of high rank worshipping God, this recently rediscovered work stands out not just by virtue of its exceptional detail and palette, but on account of the frontal view, rare in the artist’s work in
which worshippers are predominantly seen from behind or in profile. Gérôme’s fascination with Muslim prayer began from the moment he set foot in Constantinople in 1852, and Egypt in 1856, and would become a central tenet in his oeuvre. Here, a single figure stands silhouetted against a darkened yet architecturally distinctive backdrop, his silken robes crafted from the most vibrant confectionary of colours and his fur gown rendered in photographic detail. His only company is a seated man, possibly a dervish, also in prayer, and an attendant drinking from an urn. The colour palette of blue and turquoise may also well have been an inspiration to the Ottoman Orientalist painter Osman Hamdy Bey, who met Gérôme in Paris in the 1860s.

Theodoros Ralli (Greek, 1852-1909)
Stringing Pearls, 1882, oil on canvas
Estimate £80,000-120,000 / $112,000-168,000
Stringing Pearls is a rediscovery in Ralli’s oeuvre, and perfectly captures the artist’s exceptional skill at depicting intimate scenes of daily life in Egypt. Seated on an ornamented wooden bench adorned with elegant silk cushions, a Nubian man dressed in yellow silk carefully strings white teardrop pearls into a necklace. Picking them one by one from a small ceramic bowl, he appears fully concentrated on his task, unaware that he has dropped two on the floor. Pearl cultivation and the pearl trade were integral to the Middle East region’s economy before the discovery of oil and gas, and the advent of industrially produced pearls. Fashioned into necklaces and bracelets, or to embellish jewellery, natural pearls supplied from the region were prized by jewellers all around Europe.

Alfred Dehodencq (French, 1822 – 1882)
An Audience Outside the Kasbah Gate, Tangiers, oil on canvas
Estimate £100,000-150,000 / $140,000-210,000
In this rediscovered panoramic view, animated figures crowd around the Sultan’s sage or fortune teller on the steps of the gate of the Kasbah in Tangiers. Dehodencq moved to Morocco by way of Spain in 1853, and settled there from 1854 until 1863, during which time he produced many of his most famous paintings of Moroccan life. All of them are distinguished by their intense colour palette and sense of dramatic movement. This work was probably acquired by its first owner, Sir John Hay-
Drummond-Hay, while he was serving in Tangiers, and it has remained in the Drummond-Hay family ever since.

Paul Joanowits (Serbian, 1859 – 1957)
Bashi-bazouks before a Gateway, oil on panel
Estimate £100,000-150,000 / $140,000-210,000
Bashi-bazouks were irregulars in the Ottoman army and hailed from lands across the Ottoman empire, from Egypt to the Balkans. The two soldiers, in all their regalia, converse in an Egyptian setting, the gate topped by Mamluk carvings and flanked by East African ‘Grandees’ chairs’, amalgams of Mamluk, Portuguese, and Indian influence. Both men are armed with Ottoman flintlock rifles from Algeria, and the standing guard smokes an Ottoman chibouk pipe with a tophane bowl. On the left, a seventeenth-century Ottoman Tulip-period Tombak ewer rests on the arm of one of the chairs.

Jean Discart (French, 1844 – 1944)
The Cobbler, oil on panel
Estimate £150,000-200,000 / $210,000-280,000
Discart captures his subject, a cobbler watched by his companion, in a moment of rapt concentration, conveyed by his expression and expert hand. The craftsman is surrounded by objects and products of his trade painted in exquisite detail: all manner of babouche slippers, a pair of soft kidd boots, and his stitching kit. The result is a fascinating evocation of a Moroccan street scene, with references to the town’s architecture in the form of the white washed houses and a magnificent riveted copper door. Along with Ludwig Deutsch and Rudolf Ernst, Discart established himself as one of the foremost Vienna-trained Orientalist painters of his day.

Alberto Pasini (Italian, 1826 – 1899)
Market in Constantinople, oil on canvas
Estimate £150,000-200,000 / $210,000-280,000

Market in Constantinople epitomises Pasini’s carefully observed, naturalistic market scenes, capturing the hustle and bustle and diversity of the mercantile city. The composition is distinguished as
much by the artist’s fine draughtsman as by the vivid palette, punctuated by brilliant turquoises, pinks, and greens. The exact
setting is not known, however it may have been inspired by the entrance to the Mısır Çarşısı, also called the Egyptian or Spice Bazaar. Pasini first travelled to Constantinople on his landmark journey to the East in 1855, which began his career as an Orientalist painter. In this work Pasini deploys his observations of life in the Ottoman Empire: traders setting out their wares, tethered horses, a rider emerging from the shadow of the gate, and groups in animated discussion or negotiation.

Eugène Girardet (French, 1853 – 1907)
Evening Prayers, oil on canvas
Estimate £150,000-200,000 / $210,000-280,000
Scenes of prayer occupy a central position in nineteenth-century Orientalist art. Evening Prayers is not only a splendid evocation of the North African desert, but affords a fascinating glimpse into the rituals of Muslim worship. In the cool shade cast by the building behind them, a group of men on a rooftop face Mecca in prayer. In 1874, Girardet embarked for Morocco, then travelled to Tunisia and Algeria, for which he developed a particular fondness. He spent subsequent visits in Algiers and Boghari, but above all in El Kantara and Bou-Saâda, in the foothills of the Saharan Atlas, painting scenes of daily life.

Charles Wilda (German, 1854 – 1907)
A Souk in Cairo, 1887, oil on panel
Estimate £120,000-180,000 / $168,000-252,000

Painted in 1887, this street view of Cairo is a striking example of the nineteenth- century Orientalist views which opened up a new world to European viewers. The hustle and bustle of women carrying water jugs and snake charmers, rendered with photographic realism, brilliantly evoked the souks and streets of a city beyond the reach of many. In the background, the striated red and white brick buildings so typical of the Egyptian capital inspired artists and architects alike. Like many of his fellow Orientalist painters, Wilda travelled to Egypt in the early 1880s and set up a studio in Cairo where he developed a keen interest for the depiction of everyday Egyptian life.

Rudolf Ernst (Austrian, 1854-1932)
The Fountain of Ahmed III, Constantinople, oil on panel
Estimate £80,000-120,000 / $112,000-168,000

Set just outside the gates of Constantinople’s Topkapı Palace, the fountain of Ahmed III was built in 1728-9, during the Tulip Era (so-called because of the popularity of this flower and the flourishing of the arts in the Ottoman Empire between 1718 and 1730). There are water taps set into the shallow niches on each of the four sides, and at each corner is a sebil, or kiosk, where drinking water was dispensed in cups to passers-by. Each sebil has three tall windows which, as Ernst’s painting attests, are covered with elaborate bronze lattices. Erected across the city as acts of charity by notable families, these monuments soon became the favourite gathering places of traders, travellers, and townspeople. Ernst travelled to Constantinople in the 1870s and would have been familiar with this -even at that time – famous site.

Rudolf Ernst (Austrian, 1854 – 1932)
Tending the Lamp, oil on panel
Estimate £100,000-150,000 / $140,000-210,000
In this richly finished work, a turbaned man pours oil into glass receptacles suspended from an ornate nineteenth-century Syrian bronze lantern stand. The fuel in the glasses can then be lit using wicks to create a circle of lights. The figure is framed by blue and green Moroccan octagonal tiles and inlaid marble wall panels in a Moorish setting. A veritable tapestry in pattern and texture, the composition is a cumulative memory of Ernst’s disparate travels in the Orient. After studying at the Vienna Academy, he travelled to Rome and, in the 1880s, to Andalusia, Morocco, and Tunisia. Later travels would take him to Egypt and, in 1890, to Turkey. From 1885 Ernst turned exclusively to painting Orientalist subjects, which he worked up from the sketches, photographs, souvenirs, and memories accumulated during his travels. Almost all his paintings were executed in his studio in Paris, which he decorated in an eclectic Eastern style, and in which he would paint wearing a taboosh, the better to transport himself mentally into the world created in his panels and canvases.